Population genetic models of GERP scores suggest pervasive turnover of constrained sites across mammalian evolution

English version

Autoři: Christian D. Huber ^aff001; Bernard Y. Kim ^aff002; Kirk E. Lohmueller ^aff003
Působiště autorů: School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia ^aff001; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America ^aff002; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America ^aff003; Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America ^aff004; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America ^aff005
Vyšlo v časopise: Population genetic models of GERP scores suggest pervasive turnover of constrained sites across mammalian evolution. PLoS Genet 16(5): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1008827
Kategorie: Research Article
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1008827

Souhrn

Comparative genomic approaches have been used to identify sites where mutations are under purifying selection and of functional consequence by searching for sequences that are conserved across distantly related species. However, the performance of these approaches has not been rigorously evaluated under population genetic models. Further, short-lived functional elements may not leave a footprint of sequence conservation across many species. We use simulations to study how one measure of conservation, the Genomic Evolutionary Rate Profiling (GERP) score, relates to the strength of selection (N_es). We show that the GERP score is related to the strength of purifying selection. However, changes in selection coefficients or functional elements over time (i.e. functional turnover) can strongly affect the GERP distribution, leading to unexpected relationships between GERP and N_es. Further, we show that for functional elements that have a high turnover rate, adding more species to the analysis does not necessarily increase statistical power. Finally, we use the distribution of GERP scores across the human genome to compare models with and without turnover of sites where mutations are under purifying selection. We show that mutations in 4.51% of the noncoding human genome are under purifying selection and that most of this sequence has likely experienced changes in selection coefficients throughout mammalian evolution. Our work reveals limitations to using comparative genomic approaches to identify deleterious mutations. Commonly used GERP score thresholds miss over half of the noncoding sites in the human genome where mutations are under purifying selection.

Klíčová slova:

Comparative genomics – Deletion mutation – Genome evolution – Human genomics – Natural selection – Phylogenetic analysis – Sequence alignment – Substitution mutation

Zdroje

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