A multiphase program for malaria elimination in southern Mozambique (the Magude project): A before-after study
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Beatriz Galatas aff001; Francisco Saúte aff002; Helena Martí-Soler aff001; Caterina Guinovart aff001; Lidia Nhamussua aff002; Wilson Simone aff002; Humberto Munguambe aff002; Camilo Hamido aff002; Júlia Montañà aff001; Olinda Muguande aff003; Francois Maartens aff004; Fabião Luis aff002; Krijn Paaijmans aff001; Alfredo Mayor aff001; Quique Bassat aff001; Clara Menéndez aff001; Eusebio Macete aff002; Regina Rabinovich aff001; Pedro L. Alonso aff001; Baltazar Candrinho aff010; Pedro Aide aff002
Působiště autorů:
ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic—Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
aff001; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
aff002; Fundação para o Desenvolvimento da Comunidade, Maputo, Mozambique
aff003; Good Bye Malaria, Johannesburg, South Africa
aff004; School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States of America
aff005; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
aff006; ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
aff007; National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
aff008; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
aff009; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
aff010
Vyšlo v časopise:
A multiphase program for malaria elimination in southern Mozambique (the Magude project): A before-after study. PLoS Med 17(8): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003227
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003227
Souhrn
Background
Malaria eradication remains the long-term vision of the World Health Organization (WHO). However, whether malaria elimination is feasible in areas of stable transmission in sub-Saharan Africa with currently available tools remains a subject of debate. This study aimed to evaluate a multiphased malaria elimination project to interrupt Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission in a rural district of southern Mozambique.
Methods and findings
A before-after study was conducted between 2015 and 2018 in the district of Magude, with 48,448 residents living in 10,965 households. Building on an enhanced surveillance system, two rounds of mass drug administrations (MDAs) per year over two years (phase I, August 2015–2017), followed by one year of reactive focal mass drug administrations (rfMDAs) (phase II, September 2017–June 2018) were deployed with annual indoor residual spraying (IRS), programmatically distributed long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), and standard case management. The four MDA rounds covered 58%–72% of the population, and annual IRS reported coverage was >70%. Yearly parasite surveys and routine surveillance data were used to monitor the primary outcomes of the study—malaria prevalence and incidence—at baseline and annually since the onset of the project. Parasite prevalence by rapid diagnostic test (RDT) declined from 9.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.0–11.8) in May 2015 to 2.6% (95% CI 2.0–3.4), representing a 71.3% (95% CI 71.1–71.4, p < 0.001) reduction after phase I, and to 1.4% (95% CI 0.9–2.2) after phase II. This represented an 84.7% (95% CI 81.4–87.4, p < 0.001) overall reduction in all-age prevalence. Case incidence fell from 195 to 75 cases per 1,000 during phase I (61.5% reduction) and to 67 per 1,000 during phase II (65.6% overall reduction). Interrupted time series (ITS) analysis was used to estimate the level and trend change in malaria cases associated with the set of project interventions and the number of cases averted. Phase I interventions were associated with a significant immediate reduction in cases of 69.1% (95% CI 57.5–77.6, p < 0.001). Phase II interventions were not associated with a level or trend change. An estimated 76.7% of expected cases were averted throughout the project (38,369 cases averted of 50,005 expected). One malaria-associated inpatient death was observed during the study period. There were 277 mild adverse events (AEs) recorded through the passive pharmacovigilance system during the four MDA rounds. One serious adverse event (SAE) that resulted in death was potentially related to the drug. The study was limited by the incomplete coverage of interventions, the quality of the routine and cross-sectional data collected, and the restricted accuracy of ITS analysis with a short pre-intervention period.
Conclusion
In this study, we observed that the interventions deployed during the Magude project fell short of interrupting P. falciparum transmission with the coverages achieved. While new tools and strategies may be required to eventually achieve malaria elimination in stable transmission areas of sub-Saharan Africa, this project showed that innovative mixes of interventions can achieve large reductions in disease burden, a necessary step in the pathway towards elimination.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02914145.
Klíčová slova:
Census – Drug administration – Epidemiology – Malaria – Malarial parasites – Mozambique – Parasitic diseases – Pregnancy
Zdroje
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