Mortality estimates by age and sex among persons living with HIV after ART initiation in Zambia using electronic medical records supplemented with tracing a sample of lost patients: A cohort study
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Andrew D. Kerkhoff aff001; Kombatende Sikombe aff002; Ingrid Eshun-Wilson aff003; Izukanji Sikazwe aff002; David V. Glidden aff001; Jake M. Pry aff002; Paul Somwe aff002; Laura K. Beres aff005; Sandra Simbeza aff002; Chanda Mwamba aff002; Chama Bukankala aff002; Cardinal Hantuba aff002; Carolyn Bolton Moore aff002; Charles B. Holmes aff004; Nancy Padian aff008; Elvin H. Geng aff003
Působiště autorů:
Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
aff001; Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
aff002; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
aff003; Center for Dissemination and Implementation, Institute for Public Health, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
aff004; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
aff005; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
aff006; Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
aff007; University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
aff008
Vyšlo v časopise:
Mortality estimates by age and sex among persons living with HIV after ART initiation in Zambia using electronic medical records supplemented with tracing a sample of lost patients: A cohort study. PLoS Med 17(5): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003107
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003107
Souhrn
Background
Men in sub-Saharan Africa have lower engagement and retention in HIV services compared to women, which may result in differential survival. However, the true magnitude of difference in HIV-related mortality between men and women receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) is incompletely characterized.
Methods and findings
We evaluated HIV-positive adults ≥18 years old newly initiating ART in 4 Zambian provinces (Eastern, Lusaka, Southern, and Western). In addition to mortality data obtained from routine electronic medical records, we intensively traced a random sample of patients lost to follow-up (LTFU) and incorporated tracing outcomes through inverse probability weights. Sex-specific mortality rates and rate differences were determined using Poisson regression. Parametric g-computation was used to estimate adjusted mortality rates by sex and age. The study included 49,129 adults newly initiated on ART between August 2013 and July 2015; overall, the median age among patients was 35 years, the median baseline CD4 count was 262 cells/μl, and 37.2% were men. Men comprised a smaller proportion of individuals starting ART (37.2% versus 62.8%), tended to be older (median age 37 versus 33 years), and tended to have lower CD4 counts (median 220 versus 289 cells/μl) at the time of ART initiation compared to women. The overall rate of mortality among men was 10.3 (95% CI 8.2–12.4) deaths/100 person-years (PYs), compared to 5.5 (95% CI 4.3–6.8) deaths/100 PYs among women (difference +4.7 [95% CI 2.3–7.2] deaths/100 PYs; p < 0.001). Compared to women in the same age groups, men’s mortality rates were particularly elevated among those <30 years old (+6.7 deaths/100 PYs difference), those attending rural health centers (+9.4 deaths/100 PYs difference), those who had an initial CD4 count < 100 cells/μl (+9.2 deaths/100 PYs difference), and those who were unmarried (+8.0 deaths/100 PYs difference). After adjustment for potential confounders and mediators including CD4 count, a substantially higher mortality rate was predicted among men <30 years old compared to women of the same age, while women ≥50 years old had a mortality rate similar to that of age-matched men, but considerably higher than that predicted among young women (<30 years old). No clinically significant differences were evident with respect to rates of facility transfer or care disengagement between men and women. The main study limitations were the inability to successfully ascertain outcomes in all patients selected for tracing and missing clinical and laboratory data due to the use of medical records.
Conclusions
In this study, we found that among HIV-positive adults newly initiating ART, mortality among men exceeded mortality among women; disparities were most pronounced among young patients. Older women, however, also experienced high mortality. Specific interventions for men and older women at highest mortality risk are needed to improve HIV treatment outcomes.
Klíčová slova:
Adults – Africa – Antiretroviral therapy – Death rates – HIV – HIV diagnosis and management – Tuberculosis – Zambia
Zdroje
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