Association of suicidal behavior with exposure to suicide and suicide attempt: A systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis
Autoři:
Nicole T. M. Hill aff001; Jo Robinson aff001; Jane Pirkis aff003; Karl Andriessen aff003; Karolina Krysinska aff001; Amber Payne aff001; Alexandra Boland aff001; Alison Clarke aff001; Allison Milner aff005; Katrina Witt aff001; Stephan Krohn aff006; Amit Lampit aff006
Působiště autorů:
Orygen, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
aff001; Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
aff002; Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
aff003; Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
aff004; Centre for Health Equity, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
aff005; Department of Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
aff006; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
aff007; Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
aff008
Vyšlo v časopise:
Association of suicidal behavior with exposure to suicide and suicide attempt: A systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis. PLoS Med 17(3): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003074
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003074
Souhrn
Background
Exposure to suicidal behavior may be associated with increased risk of suicide, suicide attempt, and suicidal ideation and is a significant public health problem. However, evidence to date has not reliably distinguished between exposure to suicide versus suicide attempt, nor whether the risk differs across suicide-related outcomes, which have markedly different public health implications. Our aim therefore was to quantitatively assess the independent risk associated with exposure to suicide and suicide attempt on suicide, suicide attempt, and suicidal ideation outcomes and to identify moderators of this risk using multilevel meta-analysis.
Methods and findings
We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ASSIA, Sociological Abstracts, IBSS, and Social Services Abstracts from inception to 19 November 2019. Eligible studies included comparative data on prior exposure to suicide, suicide attempt, or suicidal behavior (composite measure—suicide or suicide attempt) and the outcomes of suicide, suicide attempt, and suicidal ideation in relatives, friends, and acquaintances. Dichotomous events or odds ratios (ORs) of suicide, suicide attempt, and suicidal ideation were analyzed using multilevel meta-analyses to accommodate the non-independence of effect sizes. We assessed study quality using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute quality assessment tool for observational studies. Thirty-four independent studies that presented 71 effect sizes (exposure to suicide: k = 42, from 22 independent studies; exposure to suicide attempt: k = 19, from 13 independent studies; exposure to suicidal behavior (composite): k = 10, from 5 independent studies) encompassing 13,923,029 individuals were eligible. Exposure to suicide was associated with increased odds of suicide (11 studies, N = 13,464,582; OR = 3.23, 95% CI = 2.32 to 4.51, P < 0.001) and suicide attempt (10 studies, N = 121,836; OR = 2.91, 95% CI = 2.01 to 4.23, P < 0.001). However, no evidence of an association was observed for suicidal ideation outcomes (2 studies, N = 43,354; OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 0.97 to 3.51, P = 0.06). Exposure to suicide attempt was associated with increased odds of suicide attempt (10 studies, N = 341,793; OR = 3.53, 95% CI = 2.63 to 4.73, P < 0.001), but not suicide death (3 studies, N = 723; OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 0.90 to 2.98, P = 0.11). By contrast, exposure to suicidal behavior (composite) was associated with increased odds of suicide (4 studies, N = 1,479; OR = 3.83, 95% CI = 2.38 to 6.17, P < 0.001) but not suicide attempt (1 study, N = 666; OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.69 to 1.76, P = 0.90), a finding that was inconsistent with the separate analyses of exposure to suicide and suicide attempt. Key limitations of this study include fair study quality and the possibility of unmeasured confounders influencing the findings. The review has been prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42018104629).
Conclusions
The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that prior exposure to suicide and prior exposure to suicide attempt in the general population are associated with increased odds of subsequent suicidal behavior, but these exposures do not incur uniform risk across the full range of suicide-related outcomes. Therefore, future studies should refrain from combining these exposures into single composite measures of exposure to suicidal behavior. Finally, future studies should consider designing interventions that target suicide-related outcomes in those exposed to suicide and that include efforts to mitigate the adverse effects of exposure to suicide attempt on subsequent suicide attempt outcomes.
Klíčová slova:
Analysis of variance – Cross-sectional studies – Hospitals – Metaanalysis – Public and occupational health – Self harm – Suicide – Systematic reviews
Zdroje
1. World Health Organization. Preventing suicide: a global imperative. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014
2. Naghavi M, Global Burden of Disease Self-Harm Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of suicide mortality 1990 to 2016: systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. BMJ. 2019;364:l94. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l94 31339847
3. Bergen H, Hawton K, Ness J, Cooper J, Steeg S, Kapur N. Premature death after self-harm: a multicentre cohort study. Lancet. 2012;380(9853):1568–74. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61141-6 22995670
4. Hawton K, Bergen H, Cooper J, Turnbull P, Waters K, Ness J, et al. Suicide following self-harm: findings from the multicentre study of self-harm in England, 2000–2012. J Affect Disord. 2015;175:147–51. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.062 25617686
5. Borschmann R, Becker D, Coffey C, Spry E, Moreno-Betancur M, Moran P, et al. 20-year outcomes in adolescents who self-harm: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2017;1(3):195–202. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30007-X 30169168
6. Cerel J, Brown MM, Maple M, Singleton M, van de Venne J, Moore M, et al. How many people are exposed to suicide? Not six. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2018;49(2):529–34. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12450 29512876
7. Andriessen K, Rahman B, Draper B, Dudley M, Mitchell PB. Prevalence of exposure to suicide: a meta-analysis of population-based studies. J Psychiatr Res. 2017;88:113–20. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.01.017 28199930
8. Erlangsen A, Runeson B, Bolton JM, Wilcox HC, Forman JL, Krogh J, et al. Association between spousal suicide and mental, physical, and social health outcomes: a longitudinal and nationwide register-based study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(5):456–64. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0226 28329305
9. Pitman A, Osborn D, King M, Erlangsen A. Effects of suicide bereavement on mental health and suicide risk. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(1):86–94. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70224-X 26360405
10. Insel BJ, Gould MS. Impact of modeling on adolescent suicidal behavior. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):293–316. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.007 18439450
11. World Health Organization. National suicide prevention strategies: progress, examples and indicators. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.
12. Centre for Health Policy Programs and Economics. Developing a community plan for preventing and responding to suicide clusters. Melbourne: Melbourne School of Population Health; 2012.
13. Palmer S, Inder M, Shave R, Bushnell J. Postvention guidelines for the management of suicide clusters. Wellington: Clinical Advisory Services Aotearoa; 2018.
14. Public Health England. Identifying and responding to suicide clusters and contagion: a practice resource. London: Public Health England; 2015.
15. O’Carroll PW, Mercy JA, Steward JA, Centers for Disease Control (CDC). CDC recommendations for a community plan for the prevention and containment of suicide clusters. MMWR Suppl. 1988;37(S-6):1–12.
16. Hishinuma ES, Smith MD, McCarthy K, Lee M, Goebert DA, Sugimoto-Matsuda JJ, et al. Longitudinal prediction of suicide attempts for a diverse adolescent sample of native Hawaiians, Pacific Peoples, and Asian Americans. Arch Suicide Res. 2018;22(1):67–90. doi: 10.1080/13811118.2016.1275992 28071982
17. Nrugham L, Larsson B, Sund AM. Predictors of suicidal acts across adolescence: influences of familial, peer and individual factors. J Affect Disord. 2008;109(1–2):35–45. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2007.11.001 18096243
18. Thompson MP, Light LS. Examining gender differences in risk factors for suicide attempts made 1 and 7 years later in a nationally representative sample. J Affect Disord. 2011;48(4):391–7. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.07.018 21402269
19. Crepeau-Hobson MF, Leech NL. The impact of exposure to peer suicidal self-directed violence on youth suicidal behavior: a critical review of the literature. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2014;44(1):58–77. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12055 24033603
20. Geulayov G, Gunnell D, Holmen TL, Metcalfe C. The association of parental fatal and non-fatal suicidal behaviour with offspring suicidal behaviour and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2012;42(8):1567–80. doi: 10.1017/S0033291711002753 22129460
21. Cheung SF, Chan DK. Dependent effect sizes in meta-analysis: incorporating the degree of interdependence. J Appl Psychol. 2004;89(5):780–91. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.780 15506860
22. Sveen CA, Walby FA. Suicide survivors’ mental health and grief reactions: a systematic review of controlled studies. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2008;38(1):13–29. doi: 10.1521/suli.2008.38.1.13 18355105
23. Maple M, Cerel J, Sanford R, Pearce T, Jordan J. Is exposure to suicide beyond kin associated with risk for suicidal behavior? A systematic review of the evidence. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2016;47(4):461–74. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12308 27786372
24. Hom MA, Stanley IH, Gutierrez PM, Joiner TE. Exploring the association between exposure to suicide and suicide risk among military service members and veterans. J Affect Disord. 2017;207:327–35. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.043 27743535
25. Lee M-A, Kim S, Shim E-J. Exposure to suicide and suicidality in Korea: differential effects across men and women? Int J Soc Psychiatr. 2012;59(3):224–31. doi: 10.1177/0020764012441296 22433241
26. Cheng ATA, Chen THH, Chen C-C, Jenkins R. Psychosocial and psychiatric risk factors for suicide: Case-control psychological autopsy study. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;177:360–5. doi: 10.1192/bjp.177.4.360 11116779
27. Maniam T. Family characteristics of suicides in Cameron Highlands: a controlled study. Med J Malaysia. 1994;49(3):247–51. 7845274
28. Mercy JA, Kresnow MJ, O’Carroll PW, Lee RK, Powell KE, Potter LB, et al. Is suicide contagious? A study of the relation between exposure to the suicidal behavior of others and nearly lethal suicide attempts. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;154(2):120–7. doi: 10.1093/aje/154.2.120 11447044
29. Van Den Noortgate W, Onghena P. Multilevel meta-analysis: a comparison with traditional meta-analytical procedures. Educ Psychol Meas. 2003;63(5):765–90.
30. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000100. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 19621070
31. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA. 2000;283(15):2008–12. doi: 10.1001/jama.283.15.2008 10789670
32. Deeks J, Higgins JPT, Altman DG. Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Version 5.1.0. Cochrane Collaboration; 2011 [cited 2020 Feb 26]. Available from: https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v5.1/.
33. Cheung MW. A guide to conducting a meta-analysis with non-independent effect sizes. Neuropsychol Rev. 2019;29(4):387–96. doi: 10.1007/s11065-019-09415-6 31446547
34. Cheung MW. metaSEM: an R package for meta-analysis using structural equation modeling. Front Psychol. 2014;5:1521. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01521 25601849
35. Sterne JAC, Sutton AJ, Ioannidis JPA, Terrin N, Jones DR, Lau J, et al. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d4002. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d4002 21784880
36. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629–34. doi: 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 9310563
37. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Study quality assessment tools: quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies. Bethesda (MD): National Heart Lung and Blood Institute; 2018 [cited 2018 Dec 5]. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools.
38. Abrutyn S, Mueller AS. Are suicidal behaviors contagious in adolescence? Using longitudinal data to examine suicide suggestion. Am Sociol Rev. 2014;79(2):211–27. doi: 10.1177/0003122413519445 26069341
39. Ahmadi A, Mohammadi R, Almasi A, Amini-Saman J, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Bazargan-Hejazi S, et al. A case-control study of psychosocial risk and protective factors of self-immolation in Iran. Burns. 2015;41(2):386–93. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.07.025 25406886
40. Bolton JM, Au W, Leslie WD, Martens PJ, Enns MW, Roos LL, et al. Parents bereaved by offspring suicide: A population-based longitudinal case-control study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(2):158–67. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.275 23229880
41. Giupponi G, Innamorati M, Baldessarini RJ, De Leo D, de Giovannelli F, Pycha R, et al. Factors associated with suicide: case-control study in South Tyrol. Compr Psychiatry. 2018;80:150–4. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.09.010 29091781
42. Katibeh P, Inaloo S, Shokrpour N, Dashti H, Alavi Shoostari A. A survey of the suicidal attempt risk factors in adolescents in southern Iran. Int J School Health. 2018;5(1):e12783. doi: 10.5812/intjsh.12783
43. Mueller AS, Abrutyn S, Stockton C. Can social ties be harmful? Examining the spread of suicide in early adulthood. Sociol Perspect. 2015;58(2):204–22. doi: 10.1177/0731121414556544 26120243
44. Martiello MA, Boncompagni G, Lacangellera D, Corlito G. Risk factors for suicide in rural Italy: a case-control study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2019;54(5):607–16. doi: 10.1007/s00127-018-1632-9 30460378
45. Rasouli N, Malakouti SK, Rezaeian M, Saberi SM, Nojomi M, De Leo D, et al. Risk factors of suicide death based on psychological autopsy method; a case-control study. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2019;7(1):e50. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11197-4 31602433
46. Almeida OP, Draper B, Snowdon J, Lautenschlager NT, Pirkis J, Byrne G, et al. Factors associated with suicidal thoughts in a large community study of older adults. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;201(6):466–72. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.112.110130 23209090
47. Chan S, Denny S, Fleming T, Fortune S, Peiris-John R, Dyson B. Exposure to suicide behaviour and individual risk of self-harm: findings from a nationally representative New Zealand high school survey. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2018;52(4):349–56. doi: 10.1177/0004867417710728 28565940
48. Hu N, Li J, Glauert RA, Taylor CL. Influence of exposure to perinatal risk factors and parental mental health related hospital admission on adolescent deliberate self-harm risk. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26(7):791–803. doi: 10.1007/s00787-017-0948-4 28160098
49. Brent DA, Melhem NM, Oquendo M, Burke A, Birmaher B, Stanley B, et al. Familial pathways to early-onset suicide attempt: a 5.6-year prospective study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(2):160–8. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2141 25548996
50. Brent DA, Moritz G, Bridge J, Perper J, Canobbio R. The impact of adolescent suicide on siblings and parents: a longitudinal follow-up. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1996;26(3):253–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1943-278X.1996.tb00610.x 8897664
51. Brent DA, Moritz G, Bridge J, Perper J, Canobbio Rsa. Long-term impact of exposure to suicide: a three-year controlled follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35(5):646. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199605000-00020 8935212
52. Chachamovich E, Kirmayer LJ, Haggarty JM, Cargo M, McCormick R, Turecki G. Suicide among Inuit: results from a large, epidemiologically representative follow-back study in Nunavut. Can J Psychiatry. 2015;60(6):268–75. doi: 10.1177/070674371506000605 26175324
53. Garfinkel BD, Froese A, Hood J. Suicide attempts in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 1982;139(10):1257–61. doi: 10.1176/ajp.139.10.1257 7124975
54. Gould MS, Fisher P, Parides M, Flory M, Shaffer D. Psychosocial risk factors of child and adolescent completed suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53(12):1155–62. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830120095016 8956682
55. Gray D, Coon H, McGlade E, Callor WB, Byrd J, Viskochil J, et al. Comparative analysis of suicide, accidental, and undetermined cause of death classification. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2014;44(3):304–16. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12079 25057525
56. Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR. Psychosocial risk factors for future adolescent suicide attempts. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1994;62(2):297–305. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.62.2.297 8201067
57. Swanson SA, Colman I. Association between exposure to suicide and suicidality outcomes in youth. CMAJ. 2013;185(10):870–7. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.121377 23695600
58. Agerbo E, Mortensen PB, Qin P. Suicide risk in relation to socioeconomic, demographic, psychiatric, and familial factors: a national register-based study of all suicides in Denmark, 1981–1997. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(4):765–72. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.4.765 12668367
59. Christiansen E, Goldney RD, Beautrai AL, Agerbo E. Youth suicide attempts and the dose–response relationship to parental risk factors: a population-based study. Psychol Med. 2011;41(2):313–9. doi: 10.1017/S0033291710000747 20406526
60. Foster T, Gillespie K, McClelland R, Patterson C. Risk factors for suicide independent of DSM-III-R Axis I disorder. Case-control psychological autopsy study in Northern Ireland. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;175:175–9. doi: 10.1192/bjp.175.2.175 10627802
61. Gravseth HM, Mehlum L, Bjerkedal T, Kristensen P. Suicide in young Norwegians in a life course perspective: population-based cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2010;64(5):407–12. doi: 10.1136/jech.2008.083485 19679707
62. Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Rasmussen F, Wasserman D. Familial clustering of suicidal behaviour and psychopathology in young suicide attempters. A register-based nested case control study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2008;43(1):28–36. doi: 10.1007/s00127-007-0266-0 17934681
63. Tidemalm D, Runeson B, Waern M, Frisell T, Carlström E, Lichtenstein P, et al. Familial clustering of suicide risk: a total population study of 11.4 million individuals. Psychol Med. 2011;41(12):2527–34. doi: 10.1017/S0033291711000833 21733212
64. Conner KR, Phillips MR, Meldrum SC. Predictors of low-intent and high-intent suicide attempts in rural China. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(10):1842–6. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.077420 17395838
65. Jollant F, Malafosse A, Docto R, Macdonald C. A pocket of very high suicide rates in a non-violent, egalitarian and cooperative population of South-East Asia. Psychol Med. 2014;44(11):2323–9. doi: 10.1017/S0033291713003176 24433934
66. Lee KY, Li CY, Chang KC, Lu TH, Chen YY. Age at exposure to parental suicide and the subsequent risk of suicide in young people. Crisis. 2018;39(1):27–36. doi: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000468 29442549
67. Liu BP, Qin P, Jia CX. Behavior characteristics and risk factors for suicide among the elderly in rural China. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2019;206(3):195–201. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000728 28825926
68. Phillips MR, Yang G, Zhang Y, Wang L, Ji H, Zhou M. Risk factors for suicide in China: a national case-control psychological autopsy study. Lancet. 2002;360(9347):1728–36. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11681-3 12480425
69. Vijayakumar L, Rajkumar S. Are risk factors for suicide universal? A case-control study in India. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1999;99(6):407–11. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb00985.x 10408261
70. Palacio C, Garcia J, Diago J, Zapata C, Lopez G, Ortiz J, et al. Identification of suicide risk factors in Medellin, Colombia: a case-control study of psychological autopsy in a developing country. Arch Suicide Res. 2007;11(3):297–308. doi: 10.1080/13811110600894223 17558615
71. Klonsky ED, Qiu T, Saffer BY. Recent advances in differentiating suicide attempters from suicide ideators. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2017;30(1):15–20. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000294 27798483
72. Klonsky ED, May AM. The Three-Step Theory (3ST): a new theory of suicide rooted in the “ideation-to-action” framework. Int J Cogn Ther. 2015;8(2):114–29. doi: 10.1521/ijct.2015.8.2.114
73. Van Orden KA, Witte TK, Cukrowicz KC, Braithwaite SR, Selby EA, Joiner TE Jr. The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychol Rev. 2010;117(2):575–600. doi: 10.1037/a0018697 20438238
74. Andriessen K, Krysinska K, Hill NTM, Reifels L, Robinson J, Reavley N, et al. Effectiveness of interventions for people bereaved through suicide: a systematic review of controlled studies of grief, psychosocial and suicide-related outcomes. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1):49. doi: 10.1186/s12888-019-2020-z 30700267
75. McDaid C, Trowman R, Golder S, Hawton K, Sowden A. Interventions for people bereaved through suicide: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry. 2008;193(6):438–43. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.040824 19043143
76. Zisook S, Shear MK, Reynolds CF, Simon NM, Mauro C, Skritskaya NA, et al. Treatment of complicated grief in survivors of suicide loss: a HEAL report. J Clin Psychiatry. 2018;79(2). doi: 10.4088/JCP.17m11592 29617064
77. Wittouck C, Van Autreve S, Portzky G, van Heeringen K. A CBT-based psychoeducational intervention for suicide survivors. Crisis. 2014;35(3):193–201. doi: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000252 24901060
78. de Groot M, Kollen BJ. Course of bereavement over 8–10 years in first degree relatives and spouses of people who committed suicide: longitudinal community based cohort study. BMJ. 2013;347:f5519. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f5519 24089424
79. Randall JR, Nickel NC, Colman I. Contagion from peer suicidal behavior in a representative sample of American adolescents. J Affect Disord. 2015;186:219–25. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.001 26253902
80. Agerbo E. Midlife suicide risk, partner’s psychiatric illness, spouse and child bereavement by suicide or other modes of death: a gender specific study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59(5):407–12. doi: 10.1136/jech.2004.024950 15831691
81. Witt K, Milner A, Spittal MJ, Hetrick S, Robinson J, Pirkis J, et al. Population attributable risk of factors associated with the repetition of self-harm behaviour in young people presenting to clinical services: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;28(1):5–18. doi: 10.1007/s00787-018-1111-6 29397445
82. Robinson J, Bailey E, Witt K, Stefanac N, Milner A, Currier D, et al. What works in youth suicide prevention? A Systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2018;4–5:52–91. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.10.004 31193651
83. Andriessen K, Draper B, Dudley M, Mitchell PB. Pre- and postloss features of adolescent suicide bereavement: a systematic review. Death Stud. 2016;40(4):229–46. doi: 10.1080/07481187.2015.1128497 26678059
84. Schulsinger F, Kety S, Rosenthal D, Wender P, Schou S, Tromgren E. A family study of suicide. In: Schou M, Stromgren E, editors. Origins, prevention, and treatment of affective disorders. New York: Academic Press; 1979. pp. 277–87.
85. Goodfellow B, Kolves K, De Leo D. Contemporary nomenclatures of suicidal behaviors: a systematic literature review. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2018;48(3):353–66. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12354 28485508
Článek vyšel v časopise
PLOS Medicine
2020 Číslo 3
- Distribuce a lokalizace speciálně upravených exosomů může zefektivnit léčbu svalových dystrofií
- O krok blíže k pochopení efektu placeba při léčbě bolesti
- Prof. Jan Škrha: Metformin je bezpečný, ale je třeba jej bezpečně užívat a léčbu kontrolovat
- FDA varuje před selfmonitoringem cukru pomocí chytrých hodinek. Jak je to v Česku?
- Vánoční dárky s přidanou hodnotou pro zdraví – nechte se inspirovat a poraďte svým pacientům
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
- Dietary fibre and whole grains in diabetes management: Systematic review and meta-analyses
- An Integrative Adapt Therapy for common mental health symptoms and adaptive stress amongst Rohingya, Chin, and Kachin refugees living in Malaysia: A randomized controlled trial
- Fecal microbiota transplantation for the improvement of metabolism in obesity: The FMT-TRIM double-blind placebo-controlled pilot trial
- Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of influenza vaccination with a high-density microarray patch: Results from a randomized, controlled phase I clinical trial