Association of coincident self-reported mental health problems and alcohol intake with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality: A Norwegian pooled population analysis
Autoři:
Eirik Degerud aff001; Gudrun Høiseth aff002; Jørg Mørland aff001; Inger Ariansen aff001; Sidsel Graff-Iversen aff001; Eivind Ystrom aff001; Luisa Zuccolo aff007; Øyvind Næss aff001
Působiště autorů:
Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
aff001; Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
aff002; Department of Forensic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
aff003; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
aff004; PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
aff005; PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
aff006; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
aff007; Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
aff008
Vyšlo v časopise:
Association of coincident self-reported mental health problems and alcohol intake with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality: A Norwegian pooled population analysis. PLoS Med 17(2): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003030
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003030
Souhrn
Background
The disease burden attributable to mental health problems and to excess or harmful alcohol use is considerable. Despite a strong relationship between these 2 important factors in population health, there are few studies quantifying the mortality risk associated with their co-occurrence in the general population. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality according to self-reported mental health problems and alcohol intake in the general population.
Methods and findings
We followed 243,372 participants in Norwegian health surveys (1994–2002) through 2014 for all-cause and CVD mortality by data linkage to national registries. The mean (SD) age at the time of participation in the survey was 43.9 (10.6) years, and 47.8% were men. During a mean (SD) follow-up period of 16.7 (3.2) years, 6,587 participants died from CVD, and 21,376 died from all causes. Cox models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs according to a mental health index (low, 1.00–1.50; high, 2.01–4.00; low score is favourable) based on the General Health Questionnaire and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, and according to self-reported alcohol intake (low, <2; light, 2–11.99; moderate, 12–23.99; high, ≥24 grams/day). HRs were adjusted for age, sex, educational level, marital status, and CVD risk factors. Compared to a reference group with low mental health index score and low alcohol intake, HRs (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality were 0.93 (0.89, 0.97; p = 0.001), 1.00 (0.92, 1.09; p = 0.926), and 1.14 (0.96, 1.35; p = 0.119) for low index score combined with light, moderate, and high alcohol intake, respectively. HRs (95% CIs) were 1.22 (1.14, 1.31; p < 0.001), 1.24 (1.15, 1.33; p < 0.001), 1.43 (1.23, 1.66; p < 0.001), and 2.29 (1.87, 2.80; p < 0.001) for high index score combined with low, light, moderate, and high alcohol intake, respectively. For CVD mortality, HRs (95% CIs) were 0.93 (0.86, 1.00; p = 0.058), 0.90 (0.76, 1.07; p = 0.225), and 0.95 (0.67, 1.33; p = 0.760) for a low index score combined with light, moderate, and high alcohol intake, respectively, and 1.11 (0.98, 1.25; p = 0.102), 0.97 (0.83, 1.13; p = 0.689), 1.01 (0.71, 1.44; p = 0.956), and 1.78 (1.14, 2.78; p = 0.011) for high index score combined with low, light, moderate, and high alcohol intake, respectively. HRs for the combination of a high index score and high alcohol intake (HRs: 2.29 for all-cause and 1.78 for CVD mortality) were 64% (95% CI 53%, 74%; p < 0.001) and 69% (95% CI 42%, 97%; p < 0.001) higher than expected for all-cause mortality and CVD mortality, respectively, under the assumption of a multiplicative interaction structure. A limitation of our study is that the findings were based on average reported intake of alcohol without accounting for the drinking pattern.
Conclusions
In the general population, the mortality rates associated with more mental health problems and a high alcohol intake were increased when the risk factors occurred together.
Klíčová slova:
Alcohol consumption – Cardiovascular diseases – Death rates – Health surveys – Medical risk factors – Mental health and psychiatry – Norwegian people – Physical activity
Zdroje
1. GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators. Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2018;392(10152):1015–35. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2 30146330
2. Butt P, Beirness D, Gliksman L, Paradis C, Stockwell T. Alcohol and health in Canada: a summary of evidence and guidelines for low risk drinking. Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse; 2011.
3. Department of Health. Alcohol guidelines review—report from the guidelines development group to the UK Chief Medical Officers. London: Department of Health; 2016.
4. Katikireddi SV, Whitley E, Lewsey J, Gray L, Leyland AH. Socioeconomic status as an effect modifier of alcohol consumption and harm: analysis of linked cohort data. Lancet Public Health. 2017;2(6):e267–e76. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30078-6 28626829
5. Lewer D, Meier P, Beard E, Boniface S, Kaner E. Unravelling the alcohol harm paradox: a population-based study of social gradients across very heavy drinking thresholds. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:599. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3265-9 27430342
6. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011;106(5):906–14. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03351.x 21382111
7. Gea A, Beunza JJ, Estruch R, Sanchez-Villegas A, Salas-Salvado J, Buil-Cosiales P, et al. Alcohol intake, wine consumption and the development of depression: the PREDIMED study. BMC Med. 2013;11:192. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-192 23988010
8. Bell S, Britton A. An exploration of the dynamic longitudinal relationship between mental health and alcohol consumption: a prospective cohort study. BMC Med. 2014;12:91. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-12-91 24889765
9. Rodgers B, Korten AE, Jorm AF, Jacomb PA, Christensen H, Henderson AS. Non-linear relationships in associations of depression and anxiety with alcohol use. Psychol Med. 2000;30(2):421–32. doi: 10.1017/s0033291799001865 10824662
10. Ferrari AJ, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, Patten SB, Freedman G, Murray CJ, et al. Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. PLoS Med. 2013;10(11):e1001547. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001547 24223526
11. GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1260–344. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32130-X 28919118
12. Baxter AJ, Vos T, Scott KM, Ferrari AJ, Whiteford HA. The global burden of anxiety disorders in 2010. Psychol Med. 2014;44(11):2363–74. doi: 10.1017/S0033291713003243 24451993
13. Roest AM, Martens EJ, de Jonge P, Denollet J. Anxiety and risk of incident coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(1):38–46. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.034 20620715
14. Pan A, Sun Q, Okereke OI, Rexrode KM, Hu FB. Depression and risk of stroke morbidity and mortality: a meta-analysis and systematic review. JAMA. 2011;306(11):1241–9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1282 21934057
15. Buhler M, Mann K. Alcohol and the human brain: a systematic review of different neuroimaging methods. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011;35(10):1771–93. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01540.x 21777260
16. Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Chacko Y. Evaluation of a depression-related model of alcohol problems in 430 probands from the San Diego prospective study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006;82(3):194–203. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.09.006 16257139
17. Conner KR, Pinquart M, Gamble SA. Meta-analysis of depression and substance use among individuals with alcohol use disorders. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2009;37(2):127–37. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2008.11.007 19150207
18. Torvik FA, Rosenstrom TH, Ystrom E, Tambs K, Roysamb E, Czajkowski N, et al. Stability and change in etiological factors for alcohol use disorder and major depression. J Abnorm Psychol. 2017;126(6):812–22. doi: 10.1037/abn0000280 28541064
19. Kendler KS, Heath AC, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Eaves LJ. Alcoholism and major depression in women. A twin study of the causes of comorbidity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50(9):690–8. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820210024003 8357294
20. Greenfield TK, Rehm J, Rogers JD. Effects of depression and social integration on the relationship between alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality. Addiction. 2002;97(1):29–38. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00065.x 11895268
21. Naess O, Sogaard AJ, Arnesen E, Beckstrom AC, Bjertness E, Engeland A, et al. Cohort profile: cohort of Norway (CONOR). Int J Epidemiol. 2008;37(3):481–5. doi: 10.1093/ije/dym217 17984119
22. Goldberg DP. The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire; a technique for the identification and assessment of non-psychotic psychiatric illness. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1972. 156 p.
23. Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Rickels K, Uhlenhuth EH, Covi L. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): a self-report symptom inventory. Behav Sci. 1974;19(1):1–15. doi: 10.1002/bs.3830190102 4808738
24. Søgaard A, Bjelland I, Tell GS, Røysamb E. A comparison of the CONOR Mental Health Index to the HSCL-10 and HADS. Nor Epidemiol. 2003;13(2):279–84.
25. Alfsen GC, Maehlen J. The value of autopsies for determining the cause of death. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2012;132(2):147–51. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.11.0427 22278269
26. Knol MJ, VanderWeele TJ. Recommendations for presenting analyses of effect modification and interaction. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(2):514–20. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyr218 22253321
27. Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Mulrow CD, Pocock SJ, et al. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2007;4(10):e297. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040297 17941715
28. Brien SE, Ronksley PE, Turner BJ, Mukamal KJ, Ghali WA. Effect of alcohol consumption on biological markers associated with risk of coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies. BMJ. 2011;342:d636. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d636 21343206
29. Roerecke M, Rehm J. The cardioprotective association of average alcohol consumption and ischaemic heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction. 2012;107(7):1246–60. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03780.x 22229788
30. Ronksley PE, Brien SE, Turner BJ, Mukamal KJ, Ghali WA. Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;342:d671. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d671 21343207
31. Wood AM, Kaptoge S, Butterworth AS, Willeit P, Warnakula S, Bolton T, et al. Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies. Lancet. 2018;391(10129):1513–23. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30134-X 29676281
32. Millwood IY, Walters RG, Mei XW, Guo Y, Yang L, Bian Z, et al. Conventional and genetic evidence on alcohol and vascular disease aetiology: a prospective study of 500 000 men and women in China. Lancet. 2019;393(10183):P1831–42. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31772-0 30955975
33. Torvik FA, Ystrom E, Gustavson K, Rosenstrom TH, Bramness JG, Gillespie N, et al. Diagnostic and genetic overlap of three common mental disorders in structured interviews and health registries. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2018;137(1):54–64. doi: 10.1111/acps.12829 29072781
34. Driver JA, Djousse L, Logroscino G, Gaziano JM, Kurth T. Incidence of cardiovascular disease and cancer in advanced age: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2008;337:a2467. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a2467 19066258
35. Rehm J, Irving H, Ye Y, Kerr WC, Bond J, Greenfield TK. Are lifetime abstainers the best control group in alcohol epidemiology? On the stability and validity of reported lifetime abstention. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168(8):866–71. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwn093 18701442
36. Lucas N, Windsor TD, Caldwell TM, Rodgers B. Psychological distress in non-drinkers: associations with previous heavy drinking and current social relationships. Alcohol Alcohol. 2010;45(1):95–102. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agp080 19917637
37. World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.
38. Hernan MA. The hazards of hazard ratios. Epidemiology. 2010;21(1):13–5. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181c1ea43 20010207
Článek vyšel v časopise
PLOS Medicine
2020 Číslo 2
- Jak a kdy u celiakie začíná reakce na lepek? Možnou odpověď poodkryla čerstvá kanadská studie
- Prof. Jan Škrha: Metformin je bezpečný, ale je třeba jej bezpečně užívat a léčbu kontrolovat
- FDA varuje před selfmonitoringem cukru pomocí chytrých hodinek. Jak je to v Česku?
- Infekce se v Americe po příjezdu Kolumba šířily nesrovnatelně déle, než se traduje
- Ibuprofen jako alternativa antibiotik při léčbě infekcí močových cest
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
- Virological suppression and clinical management in response to viremia in South African HIV treatment program: A multicenter cohort study
- Digitally enabled aged care and neurological rehabilitation to enhance outcomes with Activity and MObility UsiNg Technology (AMOUNT) in Australia: A randomised controlled trial
- The effect of assessing genetic risk of prostate cancer on the use of PSA tests in primary care: A cluster randomized controlled trial
- An evaluation of Chile’s Law of Food Labeling and Advertising on sugar-sweetened beverage purchases from 2015 to 2017: A before-and-after study