Clinical relevance of low-density Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia in untreated febrile children: A cohort study
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Mary-Anne Hartley aff001; Natalie Hofmann aff003; Kristina Keitel aff003; Frank Kagoro aff004; Clara Antunes Moniz aff003; Tarsis Mlaganile aff004; Josephine Samaka aff004; John Masimba aff004; Zamzam Said aff004; Hosiana Temba aff004; Iveth Gonzalez aff006; Ingrid Felger aff003; Blaise Genton aff001; Valérie D’Acremont aff001
Působiště autorů:
Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne Switzerland
aff001; EPFL, Machine Learning and Optimization Laboratory, Lausanne, Switzerland
aff002; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
aff003; Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
aff004; Amana hospital, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
aff005; Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
aff006
Vyšlo v časopise:
Clinical relevance of low-density Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia in untreated febrile children: A cohort study. PLoS Med 17(9): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003318
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003318
Souhrn
Background
Low-density (LD) Plasmodium infections are missed by standard malaria rapid diagnostic tests (standard mRDT) when the blood antigen concentration is below the detection threshold. The clinical impact of these LD infections is unknown. This study investigates the clinical presentation and outcome of untreated febrile children with LD infections attending primary care facilities in a moderately endemic area of Tanzania.
Methods/findings
This cohort study includes 2,801 febrile pediatric outpatients (median age 13.5 months [range 2–59], female:male ratio 0.8:1.0) recruited in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania between 01 December 2014 and 28 February 2016. Treatment decisions were guided by a clinical decision support algorithm run on a mobile app, which also collected clinical data. Only standard mRDT+ cases received antimalarials. Outcomes (clinical failure, secondary hospitalization, and death) were collected in follow-up visits or interviews on days 3, 7, and 28. After patient recruitment had ended, frozen blood from all 2,801 patients was tested for Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) by ultrasensitive–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), standard mRDT, and “ultrasensitive” mRDT. As the latter did not improve sensitivity beyond standard mRDT, it is hereafter excluded. Clinical features and outcomes in LD patients (standard mRDT-/ultrasensitive-qPCR+, not given antimalarials) were compared with those with no detectable (ND) parasitemia (standard mRDT-/ultrasensitive-qPCR-) or high-density (HD) infections (standard mRDT+/ultrasensitive-qPCR+, antimalarial-treated).
Pf positivity rate was 7.1% (n = 199/2,801) and 9.8% (n = 274/2,801) by standard mRDT and ultrasensitive qPCR, respectively. Thus, 28.0% (n = 76/274) of ultrasensitive qPCR+ cases were not detected by standard mRDT and labeled “LD”. LD patients were, on average, 10.6 months younger than those with HD infections (95% CI 7.0–14.3 months, p < 0.001). Compared with ND, LD patients more frequently had the diagnosis of undifferentiated fever of presumed viral origin (risk ratio [RR] = 2.0, 95% CI 1.3–3.1, p = 0.003) and were more often suffering from severe malnutrition (RR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.1–7.5, p = 0.03). Despite not receiving antimalarials, outcomes for the LD group did not differ from ND regarding clinical failures (2.6% [n = 2/76] versus 4.0% [n = 101/2,527], RR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.2–3.5, p = 0.7) or secondary hospitalizations (2.6% [n = 2/76] versus 2.8% [n = 72/2,527], RR = 0.7,95% CI 0.2–3.2, p = 0.9), and no deaths were reported in any Pf-positive groups. HD patients experienced more secondary hospitalizations (10.1% [n = 20/198], RR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.1–1.0, p = 0.005) than LD patients. All the patients in this cohort were febrile children; thus, the association between parasitemia and fever cannot be investigated, nor can the conclusions be extrapolated to neonates and adults.
Conclusions
During a 28-day follow-up period, we did not find evidence of a difference in negative outcomes between febrile children with untreated LD Pf parasitemia and those without Pf parasitemia. These findings suggest LD parasitemia may either be a self-resolving fever or an incidental finding in children with other infections, including those of viral origin. These findings do not support a clinical benefit nor additional risk (e.g. because of missed bacterial infections) to using ultrasensitive malaria diagnostics at a primary care level.
Klíčová slova:
Antimalarials – Diagnostic medicine – Fevers – Malaria – Malarial parasites – Medical risk factors – Parasitemia – Parasitic diseases
Zdroje
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